Tracking how the law meets artificial intelligence.
AI Law Hub tracks, studies and examines the development of AI law: legal developments in AI jurisprudence, the concepts and instruments proposed for regulating the AI ecosystem, and the impact of AI on society.
From accountability for AI to liability for AI agents.
AI is moving from systems that assist to agents that act. The Hub’s flagship work answers the question that shift creates; its foundation framework sets out who answers for AI outcomes generally.
Flagship framework | Agentic AI
Duggal Global Agentic AI Liability Framework
A Conceptual, Normative, and Operationally Precise Blueprint for Accountability, Responsibility, and Governance in the Era of Autonomous Artificial Intelligence Agents
Agentic AI systems set goals, plan, use tools and act without continuous human direction. When such an agent causes loss, existing doctrines struggle to say who answers. The Framework addresses that liability gap and proposes a five-tier liability stack allocating responsibility across the agentic AI value chain. It is a proposal for scrutiny, not law in force.
A proposed legal architecture for holding identifiable natural and legal persons accountable for the outcomes of AI systems, with eleven foundational principles and eleven legal doctrines for courts and regulators. A proposal, not law in force.
A focal point for the law of AI, as it is being written.
AI law is being made in parallel in legislatures, regulators, courts and international bodies. The Hub follows those developments, examines the legal questions they leave open, and contributes proposals of its own for scrutiny.
TrackLegislation, regulation and policy on AI across jurisdictions.
StudyEmerging AI jurisprudence and the doctrines courts reach for.
ExamineThe gaps: liability, evidence, agency and accountability.
FacilitateDialogue among lawmakers, regulators, industry and academia.
Focus areas
Six questions the Hub keeps returning to.
01
Agentic AI liability
The legal questions raised when AI systems act on their own: who is liable, on what authority the agent acted, what record exists, and who carries the loss.
02
Accountability and liability
Who answers for AI outcomes: allocation of responsibility across developers, deployers, operators and users, and the doctrines courts can apply.
03
Comparative AI regulation
How the European Union, India, the United Kingdom, Singapore and international bodies are choosing to govern AI, and where they differ.
04
AI, evidence and the courts
How machine-generated records are preserved and proved, and how courts and justice systems themselves adopt AI.
05
AI, data and privacy
Where AI meets data protection law, including the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and the GDPR.
06
The Global South
A governance architecture that works for countries outside the major regulatory blocs, and their voice in global AI norms.
AI Law Landscape
The instruments that shape AI law today.
A short, verified reference to the principal legislation, treaties and frameworks on AI, with links to the official source. Status as at 10 November 2026.
European UnionIn force
EU Artificial Intelligence Act
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. In force since 1 August 2024, with obligations applying in phases.
Status changes: always confirm against the official source before relying on it. This page is information, not legal advice.
Library
Instruments and papers on cutting-edge AI law.
Twelve works by Dr. Pavan Duggal, each deposited on Zenodo with a permanent DOI: agentic AI liability, AI agency, black-box evidence, hijacked agents, accountability rights, the Global South and AI consciousness. Proposals for scrutiny, not law in force.
Dr. Pavan Duggal’s practice and scholarship span cyberlaw, cybercrime, cybersecurity law, data protection and artificial intelligence law. His recent work addresses the accountability and liability of agentic AI systems. He is the author of 203 books and has convened the International Conference on Cyberlaw, Cybercrime & Cybersecurity every year since 2014.
Chief Executive, AI Law Hub
Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Founding Forum Director & Global Chair, International AI Accountability Forum
President, Global AI Accountability, Law & Governance Institute
Conference Director, International Conference on Cyberlaw, Cybercrime & Cybersecurity (ICCC)
Convenor, Global South AI Law & Governance Dialogue
Convenor, International Agentic AI Accountability & Liability Summit
Contact
Write to the Hub.
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